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A New Equation Relating the Viscosity Arrhenius Temperature and the Activation Energy for Some Newtonian Classical Solvents. Ac·ti·va·tion energy (ăk′tə-vā′shən) The least amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur. For example, striking a match on the side of a matchbox provides the activation energy, in the form of heat. Activation energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The sparks generated by striking steel against a flint provide the activation energy to initiate combustion in this Bunsen burner. The blue flame sustains itself after the sparks stop because the continued combustion of the flame is now energetically favorable. In chemistry, activation energy is a term introduced in 1. Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius to describe the minimum energy which must be available to a chemical system with potential reactants to result in a chemical reaction. Activation energy may also be defined as the maximum energy required to start a chemical reaction. The activation energy of a reaction is usually denoted by Ea and given in units of kilojoules per mole (k. J/mol) or kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol). Activation energy can be thought of as the height of the potential barrier (sometimes called the energy barrier) separating two minima of potential energy (of the reactants and products of a reaction). For a chemical reaction to proceed at a reasonable rate, there should exist an appreciable number of molecules with translational energy equal to or greater than the activation energy. Formula[edit]Temp in kelvin R=8. R⋅(1t. 1−1t. 2){\displaystyle \log {\frac {k_{2}}{k_{1}}}={\frac {\text{activation energy}}{2. R}}\cdot \left({\frac {1}{t_{1}}}- {\frac {1}{t_{2}}}\right)}At a more advanced level, the net Arrhenius Activation energy term from the Arrhenius equation is best regarded as an experimentally determined parameter that indicates the sensitivity of the reaction rate to temperature. There are two objections to associating this activation energy with the threshold barrier for an elementary reaction. First, it is often unclear as to whether or not reaction does proceed in one step; threshold barriers that are averaged out over all elementary steps have little theoretical value. Second, even if the reaction being studied is elementary, a spectrum of individual collisions contributes to rate constants obtained from bulk ('bulb') experiments involving billions of molecules, with many different reactant collision geometries and angles, different translational and (possibly) vibrational energies—all of which may lead to different microscopic reaction rates. Temperature independence and the relation to the Arrhenius equation[edit]The Arrhenius equation gives the quantitative basis of the relationship between the activation energy and the rate at which a reaction proceeds. From the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy can be found through the relationk=Ae−Ea/(RT){\displaystyle k=Ae^{{- E_{a}}/{(RT)}}}where A is the frequency factor for the reaction, R is the universal gas constant, T is the temperature (in kelvin), and k is the reaction rate coefficient. The relationship between activation energy (E a {\displaystyle E_{a}}) and enthalpy of formation (ΔH) with and without a catalyst, plotted against the reaction coordinate. The highest energy position (peak position. The science that deals with the properties, composition, and structure of substances (defined as elements and compounds), the transformations they undergo, and the energy that is released or absorbed during these processes. Field effect mobility in an organic device is determined by the activation energy. A new physical model of the activation energy is proposed by virtue of the energy and momentum conservation equations. The dependencies of the. Even without knowing A, Ea can be evaluated from the variation in reaction rate coefficients as a function of temperature (within the validity of the Arrhenius equation). Negative activation energy[edit]In some cases, rates of reaction decrease with increasing temperature. When following an approximately exponential relationship so the rate constant can still be fit to an Arrhenius expression, this results in a negative value of Ea. Elementary reactions exhibiting these negative activation energies are typically barrierless reactions, in which the reaction proceeding relies on the capture of the molecules in a potential well. Increasing the temperature leads to a reduced probability of the colliding molecules capturing one another (with more glancing collisions not leading to reaction as the higher momentum carries the colliding particles out of the potential well), expressed as a reaction cross section that decreases with increasing temperature. Such a situation no longer leads itself to direct interpretations as the height of a potential spot. Catalysis[edit]. The relationship between activation energy (Ea{\displaystyle E_{a}}) and enthalpy of formation (ΔH) with and without a catalyst, plotted against the reaction coordinate. The highest energy position (peak position) represents the transition state. With the catalyst, the energy required to enter transition state decreases, thereby decreasing the energy required to initiate the reaction. A substance that modifies the transition state to lower the activation energy is termed a catalyst; a biological catalyst is termed an enzyme. It is important to note that a catalyst increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by it. In addition, while the catalyst lowers the activation energy, it does not change the energies of the original reactants or products. Rather, the reactant energy and the product energy remain the same and only the activation energy is altered (lowered). Relationship with Gibbs energy[edit]In the Arrhenius equation, the term activation energy (Ea) is used to describe the energy required to reach thetransition state. Likewise, the Eyring equation is a similar equation that also describes the rate of a reaction. Instead of also using Ea, however, the Eyring equation uses the concept of Gibbs energy and the symbol * ΔG‡{\displaystyle \ \Delta G^{\ddagger }} to denote the energy of the transition state. This implies that the equation is similar but not identical to the Arrhenius one, because the Gibbs energy contains an entropic term in addition to the enthalpic one. See also[edit]External links[edit]. Blu-ray Player for Windows. about every need you could possibly have in a Blu-ray Player Software. It can play Blu-ray Disc, Blu-ray. XP and Windows Vista. 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Download Game Programming with Python Lua And Ruby eBook LRN pdf mediafire Game Programming with Python Lua and Ruby 2003 pdf 4shared free from TraDownload. Portuguese. reference manual for Lua 5. It is also available as a book in English. Technical documentation. For more technical information. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). For detailed technical information on specific topics. File name: Game programming with python lua and ruby 2003 pdf. Subject: RE: Game Programming With Python, Lua, and Ruby; From: 'Nick Trout' <nick@.> Date: Thu, 10:34:29 -0700. but I do know about 'Game Scripting Mastery' by Alex Varanese and Andre LaMothe. Download Game-Programming-with-Python,-Lua,-and-Ruby-(2003) for free - Game Programming with Python, Lua, and Ruby (2003).pdf, Game Programming with Python, Lua, and Ruby (2003).chm, Game Programming with Python, Lua. Lua Technical Notes. You may also browse the. Lua. Here are the main ones written by the Lua. Lab. Lua publications. The main academic paper about Lua. Lua – an extensible extension language. R. Ierusalimschy, L. H. de Figueiredo, W. Celes. Software: Practice & Experience. This paper was awarded the. II Compaq Award for Research and Development in Computer Science in 1. This award was a joint venture of. Compaq Computer in Brazil. Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology. Brazilian Academy of Sciences. For a recent short exposition of the API design, see. Technical documentation. Game Programming with Python, Lua, and Ruby by Tom Gutschmidt. Course Technology PTR, December 2003. Passing a language through the eye of a needle. R. Ierusalimschy, L. H. de Figueiredo, W. Celes. ACM Queue. May 2. 01. 1) 2. 0–2. For details on the implementation of Lua, see. The implementation of Lua 5. R. Ierusalimschy, L. H. de Figueiredo, W. Celes. Journal of Universal Computer Science. For a complete history of Lua till 2. The evolution of Lua. R. Ierusalimschy, L. H. de Figueiredo, W. Celes. ACM HOPL III (2. For a history of Lua till 2. The evolution of an extension language. Lua. by R. Ierusalimschy, L. H. de Figueiredo, W. Celes. Proceedings of V Brazilian Symposium on Programming Languages. B- 1. 4–B- 2. 8. The first paper describing Lua has some historical interest. The design and implementation of a language for extending applications. L. H. de Figueiredo, R. Ierusalimschy, W. Celes. Proceedings of XXI Brazilian Seminar on Software and Hardware (1. For an early expository article, see. Lua: an extensible embedded language. L. H. de Figueiredo, R. Ierusalimschy, W. Celes. Dr. Dobb's Journal. Dec 1. 99. 6) 2. 6–3. For a recent introductory text (in Portuguese), see. Uma introdução à programação em Lua. R. Ierusalimschy. JAI 2. 00. 9 (Jul 2. Lua books are available at the main online stores. Lua Bookstore at Amazon. When you buy a copy of a book published by Lua. Lua project. The official definition of the Lua language. Lua 5. 1 Reference Manual. R. Ierusalimschy, L. H. de Figueiredo, W. Celes. Lua. org, August 2. ISBN 8. 59. 03. 79. A detailed and authoritative introduction to. Lua programming. by Lua's chief architect. Programming in Lua. Roberto Ierusalimschy. ISBN 8. 59. 03. 79. X. (also available as. Programando em Lua. Roberto Ierusalimschy. LTC, January 2. 01. ISBN 9. 78. 85. 21. Programmirovanie na iazyke Lua. Roberto Ierusalimschy. DMK- press, 2. 01. ISBN 5. 94. 07. 47. The third edition is aimed at Lua 5. The first edition was aimed at Lua 5. The second edition remains relevant and is available in. Programmieren mit Lua. Roberto Ierusalimschy. Open Source Press, September 2. ISBN 3. 93. 75. 14. Roberto Ierusalimschy. Insight, June 2. 00. ISBN 9. 78. 89. 91. Roberto Ierusalimschy. Publishing House of Electronic Industry, May 2. ISBN 9. 78. 71. 21. Programming in Lua. Roberto Ierusalimschy. ASCII Media Works, Aug 2. ISBN 9. 78. 40. 48. A collection of articles recording some of the existing wisdom and practice on how to program well in Lua. Lua Programming Gems. L. H. de Figueiredo, W. Celes, R. Ierusalimschy. Lua. org, December 2. ISBN 9. 78. 85. 90. There are also books about Lua written by other authors. Le guide de Lua et ses applications - Manuel d'apprentissage (2e édition). Pierre Chapuis, Etiene Dalcol, Cyril Doillon, Sylvain Fabre, Philippe Lhoste, Hisham Muhammad, and Patrick Rapin. D- Booke. R, 2. 01. ISBN 9. 78. 28. 22. Le guide de Lua et ses applications - Manuel de référence (2e édition). Pierre Chapuis, Cyril Doillon, Sylvain Fabre, Philippe Lhoste, and Patrick Rapin. D- Booke. R, 2. 01. ISBN 9. 78. 28. 22. Lua Game Development Cookbook. Mario Kasuba. Packt Publishing, 2. ISBN 1. 84. 95. 15. Learning Game AI Programming with Lua. David Young. Packt Publishing, 2. ISBN 1. 78. 32. 81. Lua Programming. by Mark Otaris and others, Wikibooks, 2. Introduction to Programming with Lua and the Corona Game Lab. Robert Cook. Cook's Books, 2. ASIN B0. 0IQGAC8. A. LÖVE for Lua Game Programming. Darmie Akinlaja. Packt Publishing, 2. ISBN 1. 78. 21. 61. Computer. Craft: Lua Programming in Minecraft. Matthew Monk and Simon Monk. Create. Space, 2. ISBN 1. 48. 19. 27. Learn Lua for i. OS Game Development. Jayant Varma. Apress, 2. ISBN 1. 43. 02. 46. Le guide de Lua et ses applications. Cyril Doillon, Sylvain Fabre, Philippe Lhoste, and Patrick Rapin. D- Booke. R, 2. 01. ISBN 9. 78. 28. 22. Lua - Programação de Computadores. José Augusto N. G. Manzano. self- published, 2. ISBN 9. 78. 85. 91. Lua: Einsatz von Lua in Embedded Systems. Claus Kühnel and Daniel Zwirner. Skript Verlag Kuehnel, June 2. ISBN 3. 90. 78. 57. Basic ROBLOX Lua Programming. Brandon John La. Rouche. Create. Space, April 2. ISBN 1. 47. 50. 26. Lua: Einsatz von Lua zur Messwerterfassung. Claus Kühnel and Daniel Zwirner. Skript Verlag Kuehnel, September 2. ISBN 3. 90. 78. 57. Beginning Lua with World of Warcraft Add- ons. Paul Emmerich. Apress, July 2. ISBN 1. 43. 02. 23. First Lua Programming, the most popular application development lightweight script! Miki Shimizu. Softbank Creative, December 2. ISBN 4. 77. 75. 14. Scripting Language for Game Development and Efficient C/C++ to Implement Embedded Lua. Makoto Hamanaka. Softbank Creative, September 2. ISBN 4. 79. 73. 48. World of Warcraft Programming. James Whitehead II, Bryan Mc. Lemore, and Matthew Orlando. Wiley, May 2. 00. ISBN 0. 47. 02. 29. Introduction to Lua programming. Yutaka Ueno. Softbank Creative, December 2. ISBN 4. 79. 73. 42. Beginning Lua Programming. Kurt Jung and Aaron Brown. Wrox, February 2. ISBN 0. 47. 00. 69. Game Development with Lua. Paul Schuytema and Mark Manyen. Charles River Media, August 2. ISBN 1. 58. 45. 04. Game Programming with Python, Lua, and Ruby. Tom Gutschmidt. Course Technology PTR, December 2. ISBN 1. 59. 20. 00. Warcraft 3 Maps not visible in the Map folder. Thanks for the quick reply : )Before I try that I want to make sure we're talking about the same issue. I am able to open my custom maps in the game and in the world editor. The only thing that's wrong is this: When I create and save a map in the world editor I can not see that map in my maps folder. Program Files (x. Warcraft III/Maps). The only way to open the map is by going into the World Editor click on 'Open Map' (or ctrl + O) and navigate to the maps folder. Well. it automatically goes to the maps folder, so I don't really have to navigate to it. So yeah, I can open it in the game itself, i can open it throughthe Wrld Editor. But it's just not visible in the maps folder itself (when I'm not in the World Editor, or running the game). Are we talking about the same problem? I tried to open this map except it said that it could not. Log in or Sign up. cant open warcraft 3 maps. I tried to open this map except it said that it could not open the file.why could this be? JacksJohnson, Sep. . but I get the 'the map file associated with the replay could not be. find submissions by 'username' site. A Subreddit covering the WC3 RTS community. Do not post about WC3 custom games here.. If we are I'll immediately try what you suggested : ). Find submissions in. A Subreddit covering the WC3 RTS community. Do not post. that downloaded the msvcr120.dll file but now its telling me 'the procedure entry point GetLogicalProcessorInformation could not be located in. Warcraft 3 Maps not visible in the Map folder. (outside of the World Editor) the custom map is not there. I could still not see any saved maps in the maps folder. WC3 editor can't load this.mdl, why? Programming Entertainment Programming: WC3. Save your map. I am happy from your map, but it will not help me if i can't import this model by myself. Warcraft 3 - custom map trouble. are you sure that they are all WC3 map filetypes? Try to compare the file extensions with the maps that are working and. you are sure to start seeing those games that you could not see. Map Deprotect. Hallo das ist meine. open MPQEditor.exe in the Deprotect Folder and open the map file of the map you want to Deprotect. 'The system could not find the file specified.'. Main file could not be opened. Unable to load file 'D. Can't open any map? Reinstall wc3 and try again. This is about all you can do. Using Stubs and Shims to Test with Microsoft Fakes in Visual Studio 1. Microsoft Fakes is a full featured mocking framework built into Visual Studio 1. Currently, the available documentation is limited and marked as “preview only”, however it does provide us with some very good descriptions. Microsoft Fakes is an isolation framework for creating delegate- based test stubs and shims in . NET Framework applications. The Fakes framework can be used to shim any . NET method, including non- virtual and static methods in sealed types. Additionally here is Wikipedia’s definition of Mock Object for reference. In object- oriented programming, mock objects are simulated objects that mimic the behavior of real objects in controlled ways. Visual Studio 11 Beta installs the Windows 8 SDK. Both 32bit and 64bit projects use the 32bit resource tools. The default installation directory is C:\Program Files. Welcome to the Visual Studio 2015 UserVoice site. This site is for suggestions and ideas for the IDE of Visual Studio (Community, Professional or Enterprise). The stock Visual Studio 2012 gray color scheme is growing on me. Sue me. When you're writing code you usually focus on the code so I'm more concerned with the colors. Microsoft Fakes is a full featured mocking framework built into Visual Studio 11. Currently, the available documentation is limited and marked as “preview only. Download PHP Tools for Visual Studio. General improvements and fixes. HighDPI UI improvements. Code Definition Window. A programmer typically creates a mock object to test the behavior of some other object, in much the same way that a car designer uses a crash test dummy to simulate the dynamic behavior of a human in vehicle impacts. Shim any . NET Method. The real interesting part here is that Microsoft Fakes can shim “any . NET method, including non- virtual and static methods in sealed types”. Existing mocking frameworks work by providing “on the fly” implementations to preexisting interfaces with a bit of Dependency Injection to get them situated in the class/method under test. Microsoft Fakes is going a level deeper by mocking objects with no preexisting interfaces and allowing statics to be mocked in the process. This type of mocking is quite complex to pull off. So much so, that there are only a handful of products out there that do this. Type. Visual Studio allows developers to write extensions for Visual Studio to extend its capabilities. These extensions 'plug into' Visual Studio and extend its functionality.Mock’s Isolator, Telerik’s Just. Mock and the Microsoft Research project Moles that ultimately lead to Microsoft Fakes. Type. Mock’s Isolator has been a regular so to speak in unit testing circles for a while now and I’ve actively considered it before, but the starting price of $7. Telerik’s Just. Mock is the new kid on the block (past 2- 3 years). Just. Mock has freemium edition supporting general mocking features and a pay version which has support for static, sealed & non virtual mocking with a base price of $2. The biggest surprise is the Microsoft Research project Moles, which seems to have about the same set of features as Microsoft Fakes, has apparently been available since 1. Visual Studio 2. 01. Visual Studio 2. 01. Moles x. 86 - Isolation Framework for . NET download page). Perhaps this is the internet’s best kept secret… well, maybe not. Regardless, I’ll be creating a future blog post going over using Moles in Visual Studio 2. Architectural Implications. Without a commercial mocking framework or Microsoft Fakes, if you’re going to do unit testing and you want to do it right as in truly isolate the code under test then you’re going to need to mock dependent objects. However, just mocking the objects isn’t enough, you also need to instruct the code under test to use the mocks as opposed to its normal implementation. Typically this requires some form of Dependency Injection. For reference here is Wikipedia's definition of Dependency Injection: Dependency injection (DI) is a design pattern in object- oriented computer programming whose purpose is to reduce the coupling between software components. It is similar to the factory method pattern. Frequently an object uses (depends on) work produced by another part of the system. With DI, the object does not need to know in advance about how the other part of the system works. Instead, the programmer provides (injects) the relevant system component in advance along with a contract that it will behave in a certain way. To truly isolate code in unit tests you’re typically bound to the following practices as part of Dependency Injection: Any object that needs to be mocked needs to be non static and have an interface You’ll either need to have a Dependency Injection framework as part of the architecture or the right patterns in place to manually resolve and inject as needed Constructors will have to be modified to take in interface types for the dependent objects That’s a lot of Architectural commitment. As with any design pattern there are “trade offs” involved in usage. With Dependency Injection you get reduced coupling and the ability to unit test thoroughly, increasing complexity and reducing maintainability by some level in the process. The question with any design pattern’s usage is: are the trade offs worth it based on the functionality provided for the problem domain in question? Microsoft Fakes changes the trade off evaluation for Dependency Injection. Currently you trade increased complexity and reduced maintainability for increased code quality brought about by unit testing. Microsoft Fakes decouples Dependency Injection from unit testing, therefore changing the value proposition for Dependency Injection to instead be weighed on its own merits of whether or not it adds value to the problem domain in question. Proper unit testing can now be integrated into any codebase, legacy or new, small or large, and using Dependency Injection or not. With this in mind Microsoft Fakes is a game changer. Why a game changer now, presumably years after these features have been available in the wild? The answer is widespread availability and acceptance. Anyone running Visual Studio will be able to run this (hopefully this will be part of the bare SDK as well). Additionally examples, documentation, blogs and training will be much more readily available. Faking may very well become a recommended practice along with unit testing at which point it could become as pervasive as general unit testing in . NET solutions. It’s a lot easier to justify its usage when everyone has access to it, not just those willing to shell out $2. Shims vs Stubs. Let’s take a look at the current MSDN definition for Shims and Stubs. Stub types Stub types make it easy to test code that consumes interfaces or non- sealed classes with overridable methods. A stub of the type T provides a default implementation of each virtual member of T, that is, any non- sealed virtual or abstract method, property, or event. The default behavior can be dynamically customized for each member by attaching a delegate to a corresponding property of the stub. A stub is realized by a distinct type which is generated by the Fakes Framework. As a result, all stubs are strongly typed. Although stub types can be generated for interfaces and non- sealed classes with overridable methods, they cannot be used for static or non- overridable methods. To address these cases, the Fakes Framework also generates shim types. Shim types Shim types allow detouring of hard- coded dependencies on static or non- overridable methods. A shim of type T can provide an alternative implementation for each non- abstract member of T. The Fakes Framework will redirect method calls to members of T to the alternative shim implementation. The shim types rely on runtime code rewriting that is provided by a custom profiler. Delegates Both stub types and shim types allow you to use delegates to dynamically customize the behavior of individual stub members. Stub types appear to be what most free and/or open source mocking frameworks already do for us today, so there’s really no surprises here. Shim types on the other hand are where the action is at allowing us to detour static or non- overridable methods. MSDN mentions that the detouring in shims does degrade performance slightly. In the brief amount of testing I’ve done there’s about a 2. It would make sense the cost could be additive based on the amount of detouring you end up doing. So if you have the infrastructure to do either or, then pick stubbing over shimming. Getting Started with Shims. First off, you’ll need Visual Studio 1. C# Class Library project called Faking. Example. For this example I’ve put together a very trivial cart example to play with. Rename the default class file to Cart. To. Shim and modify the code to be as follows: using System. System. Collections. Generic. using System. Collections. Object. Model. namespace Faking. Example. public class Cart. To. Shim. public int Cart. Id { get; private set; }. User. Id { get; private set; }. List< Cart. Item> _cart. Items = new List< Cart. Item> (). public Read. Only. Collection< Cart. Item> Cart. Items { get; private set; }. Date. Time Create. Date. Time { get; private set; }. Cart. To. Shim(int cart. Id, int user. Id). Cart. Id = cart. Id. User. Id = user. Id. Create. Date. Time = Date. Time. Now. Cart. Items = new Read. Only. Collection< Cart. Item> (_cart. Items). Add. Cart. Item(int product. Id). var cart. Item. Id = Data. Access. Layer. Save. Cart. Item(Cart. Id, product. Id). _cart. Items. Add(new Cart. Item(cart. Item. Id, product. Id)). }Add the Cart. Item class. namespace Faking. Example. public class Cart. Item. public int Cart. Item. Id { get; private set; }. Product. Id { get; private set; }. Cart. Item(int cart. Item. Id, int product. Id). Cart. Item. Id = cart. Item. Id. Product. Id = product. Id. Add the Data. Access. Layer class. Don’t worry about the connection string, we’ll never end up hitting it anyway. System. Data. using System. Data. Sql. Client. Faking. Example. public static class Data. Access. Layer. public static int Save. Cart. Item(int cart. Id, int product. Id). Sql. Connection("Random. Sql. Connection. String")). Sql. Command("Ins. Cart. Item", conn). Command. Type = Command. Type. Stored. Procedure. Parameters. Add. With. Value("@Cart. Id", cart. Id). cmd. Parameters. Add. With. Value("@Product. Id", product. Id). Open(). return (int)cmd. Execute. Scalar(). Next add a Unit Test Project called Faking. Example. Tests and rename the default unit test class file to Cart. To. Shim. Tests. In the Faking. Example. Tests project add a reference to the Faking. Example project. You’re solution should look as follows: Right click on the Faking. Example reference in Faking. Example. Tests references and select the “Add Fakes Assembly”. This adds a couple of new items to the project. The new references add the following types. |
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